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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2026

Georg Nagel, Karl Deisseroth (Howard Hughes Medical Institute) and Peter Hegemann (Humboldt University Berlin) — “for their discoveries concerning light-gated ion channels and optogenetics”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2025

John M. Martinis (University of California - Los Angeles Theater), John Clarke (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and Michel H. Devoret (Yale University) — “for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025

Omar M. Yaghi (University of California - Los Angeles Theater), Richard Robson (University of Melbourne) and Susumu Kitagawa (Kyoto University) — “for the development of metal–organic frameworks”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025

Frederick J. Ramsdell, Mary E. Brunkow (Institute for Systems Biology) and Shimon Sakaguchi — “for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2025

László Krasznahorkai — “for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2025

Maria Corina Machado — “for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2025

Joel Mokyr (Northwestern University) — “for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress”

Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt (Brown University) — “for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024

Geoffrey Hinton (University of Toronto) and John J. Hopfield (Princeton University) — “for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024

David Baker (University of Washington) — “for computational protein design”

Demis Hassabis and John Jumper — “for protein structure prediction”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024

Gary Ruvkun (Massachusetts General Hospital) and Victor Ambros — “for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2024

Han Kang — “for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2024

Daron Acemoglu (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), James A. Robinson (University of Chicago) and Simon Henry Roberts Johnson (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023

Anne L’Huillier (Lund University), Ferenc Krausz and Pierre Agostini (Ohio State University) — “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023

Aleksey Yekimov , Louis E. Brus (Barnard College - Columbia University) and Moungi G. Bawendi (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023

Drew Weissman and Katalin Karikó (University of Szeged) — “for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2023

Jon Fosse — “for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2023

Narges Mohammadi — “for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2023

Claudia Goldin (Harvard University) — “for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022

Alain Aspect (Institut d’Optique Graduate School), Anton Zeilinger (Universität Wien) and John F. Clauser — “for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022

Carolyn R. Bertozzi (Stanford University) and Morten Meldal (The University of Copenhagen) — “for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022

Svante Pääbo — “for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2022

Annie Ernaux — “for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2022

Ales Bialiatski — “The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2022

Ben S. Bernanke, Douglas W. Diamond (University of Chicago) and Philip H. Dybvig — “for research on banks and financial crises”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021

Giorgio Parisi ( Sapienza University of Rome ) — “for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales”

Klaus Hasselmann (Max Planck Institute for Meteorology) and Syukuro Manabe (Princeton University) — “for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021

Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan (Princeton University) — “for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021

Ardem Patapoutian (The Scripps Research Institute) and David Julius (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021

Abdulrazak Gurnah — “for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2021

Dmitry Andreyevich Muratov and Maria Ressa — “for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2021

David Card (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for his empirical contributions to labour economics”

Guido W. Imbens (Stanford University) and Joshua D. Angrist (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020

Andrea Ghez (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and Reinhard Genzel (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics) — “for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy”

Roger Penrose (The Queen’s College - University of Oxford) — “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020

Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for the development of a method for genome editing”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020

Charles M. Rice (The Rockefeller University), Harvey J. Alter (National Institutes of Health) and Michael Houghton (University of Alberta) — “for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2020

Louise Glück — “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2020

Robert B. Wilson (Stanford University) and Paul R. Milgrom (Stanford University) — “for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019

Didier Queloz (The University of Geneva) and Michel Mayor (The University of Geneva) — “for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star”

James Peebles (Princeton University) — “for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019

Akira Yoshino, John B. Goodenough (University of Texas) and M. Stanley Whittingham — “for the development of lithium-ion batteries”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019

Gregg L. Semenza (Johns Hopkins University), Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe (The Queen’s College - University of Oxford) and William G. Kaelin Jr (Harvard Medical School) — “for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2019

Peter Handke — “for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2019

Abiy Ahmed Ali — “for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2019

Abhijit Banerjee (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Esther Duflo (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Michael Kremer (Harvard University) — “for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018

Arthur Ashkin — “for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems”

Donna Strickland (University Of Waterloo) and Gérard Mourou (Ecole Polytechnique) — “for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018

Frances H. Arnold (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for the directed evolution of enzymes”

George P. Smith (University of Missouri - Columbia) and Sir Gregory P. Winter (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology) — “for the phage display of peptides and antibodies”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018

James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo (Kyoto University) — “for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2018

Olga Tokarczuk — “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2018

Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad Basee Taha — “for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2018

Paul M. Romer — “for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis”

William D. Nordhaus (Yale University) — “for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017

Barry C. Barish, Kip S. Thorne and Rainer Weiss — “for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017

Jacques Dubochet (University of Lausanne), Joachim Frank (Barnard College - Columbia University) and Richard Henderson (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology) — “for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017

Jeffrey C. Hall (University of Maine (System)), Michael Rosbash (Brandeis University) and Michael W. Young (The Rockefeller University) — “for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017

Kazuo Ishiguro — “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2017

Richard H. Thaler (University of Chicago) — “for his contributions to behavioural economics”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016

David J. Thouless (University of Washington), F. Duncan M. Haldane (Princeton University) and J. Michael Kosterlitz (Brown University) — “for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016

Bernard L. Feringa (University of Groningen), Jean-Pierre Sauvage (University of Strasbourg) and Sir J. Fraser Stoddart (Northwestern University) — “for the design and synthesis of molecular machines”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016

Yoshinori Ohsumi — “for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2016

Bob Dylan — “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2016

Juan Manuel Santos — “for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2016

Bengt Holmström (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Oliver Hart (Harvard University) — “for their contributions to contract theory”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015

Arthur B. McDonald (Queen's University) and Takaaki Kajita (The University of Tokyo) — “for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015

Aziz Sancar, Paul Modrich (Howard Hughes Medical Institute) and Tomas Lindahl (The Francis Crick Institute) — “for mechanistic studies of DNA repair”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015

Tu Youyou — “for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria”

Satoshi Ōmura (Kitasato University) and William C. Campbell (Drew University) — “for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2015

Svetlana Alexievich — “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2015

Angus Deaton (Princeton University) — “for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014

Isamu Akasaki (Meijo University), Hiroshi Amano (Nagoya University) and Shuji Nakamura (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014

Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner (Stanford University) — “for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014

Edvard I. Moser (Norwegian University of Science and Technology), John O'Keefe (University College London) and May-Britt Moser (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) — “for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2014

Patrick Modiano — “for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2014

Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai — “for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2014

Jean Tirole — “for his analysis of market power and regulation”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013

François Englert (Université Libre de Bruxelles) and Peter W. Higgs (The University of Edinburgh) — “for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013

Arieh Warshel (University of Southern California), Martin Karplus (University of Strasbourg) and Michael Levitt — “for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013

James E. Rothman (Yale University), Randy W. Schekman (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and Thomas C. Südhof (Stanford University) — “for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013

Alice Munro — “master of the contemporary short story”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2013

Eugene F. Fama (University of Chicago), Lars Peter Hansen (University of Chicago) and Robert J. Shiller (Yale University) — “for their empirical analysis of asset prices”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012

David J. Wineland and Serge Haroche — “for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012

Brian K. Kobilka and Robert J. Lefkowitz (Howard Hughes Medical Institute) — “for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012

Shinya Yamanaka (Kyoto University) and Sir John B. Gurdon — “for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012

Mo Yan — “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2012

Alvin E. Roth (Harvard University) and Lloyd S. Shapley (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011

Adam G. Riess (Johns Hopkins University), Brian P. Schmidt (Australian National University) and Saul Perlmutter (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) — “for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011

Dan Shechtman (Technion - Israel Institute of Technology) — “for the discovery of quasicrystals”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011

Bruce A. Beutler (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas) and Jules A. Hoffmann (University of Strasbourg) — “for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity”

Ralph M. Steinman (The Rockefeller University) — “for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011

Tomas Tranströmer — “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2011

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman — “for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2011

Christopher A. Sims (Princeton University) and Thomas J. Sargent (New York University) — “for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Andre Geim (University of Manchester) and Konstantin Novoselov (University of Manchester) — “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010

Akira Suzuki (Hokkaido University), Ei-ichi Negishi (Purdue University) and Richard F. Heck (University of Delaware) — “for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010

Robert G. Edwards (University of Cambridge ) — “for the development of in vitro fertilization”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010

Mario Vargas Llosa — “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2010

Liu Xiaobo — “for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2010

Christopher A. Pissarides (London School of Economics and Political Science), Dale T. Mortensen (Northwestern University) and Peter A. Diamond (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for their analysis of markets with search frictions”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009

Charles Kuen Kao — “for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication”

George E. Smith and Willard S. Boyle — “for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009

Ada E. Yonath (Weizmann Institute of Science), Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology) and Thomas A. Steitz (Yale University) — “for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009

Carol W. Greider, Elizabeth H. Blackburn (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and Jack W. Szostak (Harvard Medical School) — “for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009

Herta Müller — “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2009

Barack Hussein Obama — “for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2009

Elinor Ostrom (Indiana University - East) — “for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons”

Oliver E. Williamson (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008

Makoto Kobayashi (KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization) ) and Toshihide Maskawa (Kyoto Sangyo University) — “for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature”

Yoichiro Nambu — “for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008

Martin Chalfie (Barnard College - Columbia University), Osamu Shimomura (Marine Biological Laboratory) and Roger Y. Tsien (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier — “for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus”

Harald zur Hausen (German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)) — “for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio — “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2008

Martti Ahtisaari — “for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2008

Paul Krugman (Princeton University) — “for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007

Albert Fert (Université Paris Sud (Paris XI)) and Peter Grünberg (Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (Jülich Research Centre)) — “for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007

Gerhard Ertl (Fritz Haber Institute) — “for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007

Mario R. Capecchi (University of Utah), Oliver Smithies and Sir Martin J. Evans (Cardiff University) — “for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007

Doris Lessing — “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2007

Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. — “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2007

Eric S. Maskin ( Institute for Advanced Study), Leonid Hurwicz (University of Minnesota) and Roger B. Myerson (University of Chicago) — “for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006

George F. Smoot (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and John C. Mather — “for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006

Roger D. Kornberg (Stanford University) — “for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006

Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello (University of Massachusetts - Medical School) — “for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2006

Orhan Pamuk — “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2006

Muhammad Yunus — “for their efforts to create economic and social development from below”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2006

Edmund S. Phelps (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005

John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch — “for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique”

Roy J. Glauber (Harvard University) — “for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005

Richard R. Schrock (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Robert H. Grubbs (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) and Yves Chauvin — “for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005

Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren — “for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2005

Harold Pinter — “who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2005

Mohamed ElBaradei — “for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2005

Robert J. Aumann (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) and Thomas C. Schelling — “for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004

David J. Gross, Frank Wilczek (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and H. David Politzer (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004

Aaron Ciechanover (Technion - Israel Institute of Technology), Avram Hershko (Technion - Israel Institute of Technology) and Irwin Rose (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004

Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2004

Elfriede Jelinek — “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clich&eacute;s and their subjugating power”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2004

Wangari Muta Maathai — “for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2004

Edward C. Prescott (Arizona State University) and Finn E. Kydland (Carnegie Mellon University) — “for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003

Anthony J. Leggett, Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (Argonne National Laboratory) and Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg — “for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003

Peter Agre — “for the discovery of water channels”

Roderick MacKinnon (The Rockefeller University) — “for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003

Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield (The University of Nottingham) — “for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2003

John M. Coetzee — “who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2003

Shirin Ebadi — “for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2003

Clive W.J. Granger (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)”

Robert F. Engle III (New York University) — “for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002

Masatoshi Koshiba (The University of Tokyo) and Raymond Davis Jr. (University of Pennsylvania) — “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos”

Riccardo Giacconi — “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002

John B. Fenn (Virginia Commonwealth University) and Koichi Tanaka — “for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules”

Kurt Wüthrich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich) — “for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002

H. Robert Horvitz (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), John E. Sulston (Wellcome Sanger Institute) and Sydney Brenner — “for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2002

Imre Kertész — “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2002

James Earl Carter — “for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2002

Daniel Kahneman (Princeton University) — “for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty”

Vernon L. Smith (George Mason University) — “for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001

Carl E. Wieman, Eric A. Cornell and Wolfgang Ketterle (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001

K. Barry Sharpless (The Scripps Research Institute) — “for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions; for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry”

Ryoji Noyori (Nagoya University) and William S. Knowles — “for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001

Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul M. Nurse — “for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001

Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul — “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2001

Kofi Atta Annan — “for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2001

A. Michael Spence (Stanford University), George A. Akerlof (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and Joseph E. Stiglitz (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000

Herbert Kroemer (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and Zhores I. Alferov — “for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics”

Jack S. Kilby — “for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000

Alan J. Heeger (University of California - Los Angeles Theater), Alan G. MacDiarmid (University of Pennsylvania) and Hideki Shirakawa (University of Tsukuba) — “for the discovery and development of conductive polymers”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000

Arvid Carlsson (Göteborg University), Eric R. Kandel (Barnard College - Columbia University) and Paul Greengard (The Rockefeller University) — “for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000

Gao Xingjian — “for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 2000

Kim Dae-jung — “for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2000

Daniel L. McFadden (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice”

James J. Heckman (University of Chicago) — “for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999

Gerardus 't Hooft (Utrecht University) and Martinus J.G. Veltman — “for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999

Ahmed H. Zewail (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999

Günter Blobel (The Rockefeller University) — “for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1999

Günter Grass — “whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1999

Robert A. Mundell (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998

Daniel C. Tsui (Princeton University), Horst L. Störmer (Barnard College - Columbia University) and Robert B. Laughlin (Stanford University) — “for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998

John A. Pople (Northwestern University) — “for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry”

Walter Kohn (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for his development of the density-functional theory”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998

Ferid Murad, Louis J. Ignarro and Robert F. Furchgott — “for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998

José Saramago — “who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1998

David Trimble and John Hume — “for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1998

Amartya Sen (Trinity College) — “for his contributions to welfare economics”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Steven Chu (Stanford University) and William D. Phillips — “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997

Jens C. Skou (Aarhus University) — “for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase”

John E. Walker (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology) and Paul D. Boyer (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997

Stanley B. Prusiner — “for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997

Dario Fo — “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1997

Jody Williams — “for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1997

Myron S. Scholes and Robert C. Merton (Harvard University) — “for a new method to determine the value of derivatives”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996

Douglas D. Osheroff (Stanford University), David M. Lee (Cornell University) and Robert C. Richardson (Cornell University) — “for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996

Richard E. Smalley (Rice University), Robert F. Curl Jr. (Rice University) and Sir Harold W. Kroto (University of Sussex) — “for their discovery of fullerenes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996

Peter C. Doherty (St. Jude Children's Research Hospital) and Rolf M. Zinkernagel (University of Zurich) — “for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996

Wisława Szymborska — “for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1996

Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta — “for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1996

James A. Mirrlees (University of Cambridge ) and William Vickrey (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995

Frederick Reines (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for the detection of the neutrino”

Martin L. Perl (Stanford University) — “for the discovery of the tau lepton”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995

F. Sherwood Rowland (University of California - Los Angeles Theater), Mario J. Molina (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Paul J. Crutzen — “for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Edward B. Lewis (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) and Eric F. Wieschaus (Princeton University) — “for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1995

Seamus Heaney — “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1995

Joseph Rotblat — “for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1995

Robert E. Lucas Jr. (University of Chicago) — “for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994

Bertram N. Brockhouse (McMaster University) — “for the development of neutron spectroscopy”

Clifford G. Shull (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for the development of the neutron diffraction technique”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994

George A. Olah (University of Southern California) — “for his contribution to carbocation chemistry”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994

Alfred G. Gilman (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas) and Martin Rodbell (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences) — “for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994

Kenzaburo Oe — “who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1994

Shimon Peres, Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin — “for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1994

John F. Nash Jr. (Princeton University), John C. Harsanyi (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and Reinhard Selten (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) — “for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993

Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (Princeton University) and Russell A. Hulse (Princeton University) — “for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993

Kary B. Mullis — “for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method”

Michael Smith (The University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus) — “for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993

Phillip A. Sharp and Richard J. Roberts — “for their discoveries of split genes”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993

Toni Morrison — “who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1993

Frederik Willem de Klerk and Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela — “for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1993

Douglass C. North and Robert W. Fogel (University of Chicago) — “for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992

Georges Charpak (Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles) — “for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992

Rudolph A. Marcus (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992

Edmond H. Fischer (University of Washington) and Edwin G. Krebs (University of Washington) — “for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1992

Derek Walcott — “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1992

Rigoberta Menchú Tum — “for her struggle for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1992

Gary S. Becker (University of Chicago) — “for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991

Pierre-Gilles de Gennes — “for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991

Richard R. Ernst (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich) — “for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991

Bert Sakmann ( Max Planck Institute for Medical Research) and Erwin Neher — “for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991

Nadine Gordimer — “who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1991

Aung San Suu Kyi — “for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1991

Ronald H. Coase (University of Chicago) — “for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990

Henry W. Kendall (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Jerome I. Friedman (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Richard E. Taylor (Stanford University) — “for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990

Elias James Corey (Harvard University) — “for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990

E. Donnall Thomas and Joseph E. Murray (Brigham and Women's Hospital) — “for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1990

Octavio Paz — “for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1990

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev — “for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1990

Harry M. Markowitz (CUNY), Merton H. Miller (University of Chicago) and William F. Sharpe (Stanford University) — “for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989

Hans G. Dehmelt (University of Washington) and Wolfgang Paul (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) — “for the development of the ion trap technique”

Norman F. Ramsey (Harvard University) — “for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989

Sidney Altman (Yale University) and Thomas R. Cech — “for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989

Harold E. Varmus and J. Michael Bishop — “for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1989

Camilo José Cela — “for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1989

The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) — “for advocating peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1989

Trygve Haavelmo (University of Oslo) — “for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988

Jack Steinberger, Leon M. Lederman and Melvin Schwartz — “for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988

Hartmut Michel, Johann Deisenhofer (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas) and Robert Huber (Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry (MPIB)) — “for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988

George H. Hitchings, Gertrude B. Elion and Sir James W. Black — “for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988

Naguib Mahfouz — “who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1988

Maurice Allais (Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris) — “for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987

J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller — “for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987

Charles J. Pedersen, Donald J. Cram (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and Jean-Marie Lehn (Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg I)) — “for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987

Susumu Tonegawa (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987

Joseph Brodsky — “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1987

Oscar Arias Sánchez — “for his work for lasting peace in Central America”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1987

Robert M. Solow (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for his contributions to the theory of economic growth”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986

Ernst Ruska (Fritz Haber Institute) — “for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope”

Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer — “for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986

Dudley R. Herschbach (Harvard University), John C. Polanyi (University of Toronto) and Yuan T. Lee (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986

Rita Levi-Montalcini (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)) and Stanley Cohen — “for their discoveries of growth factors”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986

Wole Soyinka — “who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1986

Elie Wiesel — “for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1986

James M. Buchanan Jr. — “for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985

Klaus von Klitzing — “for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985

Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle — “for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985

Joseph L. Goldstein (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas) and Michael S. Brown (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas) — “for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1985

Claude Simon — “who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1985

Franco Modigliani (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984

Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer — “for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984

Robert Bruce Merrifield (The Rockefeller University) — “for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984

César Milstein (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology), Georges J.F. Köhler and Niels K. Jerne — “for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1984

Jaroslav Seifert — “for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1984

Desmond Mpilo Tutu — “for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1984

Richard Stone (University of Cambridge ) — “for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (University of Chicago) — “for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars”

William Alfred Fowler (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983

Henry Taube (Stanford University) — “for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983

Barbara McClintock (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) — “for her discovery of mobile genetic elements”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1983

William Golding — “for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1983

Lech Wałęsa — “for non-violent struggle for free trade unions and human rights in Poland”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1983

Gerard Debreu (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982

Kenneth G. Wilson (Cornell University) — “for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982

Aaron Klug (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology) — “for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982

Bengt I. Samuelsson (Karolinska Institute), John R. Vane and Sune K. Bergström (Karolinska Institute) — “for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1982

Gabriel García Márquez — “for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1982

Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles — “for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1982

George J. Stigler (University of Chicago) — “for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981

Arthur Leonard Schawlow (Stanford University) and Nicolaas Bloembergen (Harvard University) — “for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy”

Kai M. Siegbahn (Uppsala University) — “for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981

Kenichi Fukui (Kyoto University) and Roald Hoffmann (Cornell University) — “for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981

David H. Hubel (Harvard Medical School) and Torsten N. Wiesel (Harvard Medical School) — “for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system”

Roger W. Sperry (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981

Elias Canetti — “for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1981

James Tobin (Yale University) — “for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980

James Watson Cronin (University of Chicago) and Val Logsdon Fitch (Princeton University) — “for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980

Paul Berg (Stanford University) — “for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA”

Walter Gilbert — “for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980

Baruj Benacerraf (Harvard Medical School), George D. Snell (The Jackson Laboratory) and Jean Dausset — “for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1980

Czesław Miłosz — “who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1980

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel — “for being a source of inspiration to repressed people, especially in Latin America”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1980

Lawrence R. Klein (University of Pennsylvania) — “for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979

Abdus Salam (Abdus Salam international centre for theoretical physics), Steven Weinberg (Harvard University) and Sheldon Lee Glashow — “for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979

Georg Wittig and Herbert C. Brown (Purdue University) — “for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979

Allan M. Cormack (Tufts University) and Godfrey N. Hounsfield — “for the development of computer assisted tomography”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1979

Odysseus Elytis — “for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1979

Mother Teresa — “for her work for bringing help to suffering humanity”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1979

Sir Arthur Lewis (Princeton University) and Theodore W. Schultz (University of Chicago) — “for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978

Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson — “for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation”

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa — “for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978

Peter D. Mitchell — “for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978

Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith and Werner Arber — “for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1978

Isaac Bashevis Singer — “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1978

Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat and Menachem Begin — “for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1978

Herbert A. Simon (Carnegie Mellon University) — “for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977

John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (Harvard University), Philip Warren Anderson and Sir Nevill Francis Mott (University of Cambridge ) — “for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977

Ilya Romanovich Prigogine (Université Libre de Bruxelles) — “for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977

Andrew V. Schally and Roger Guillemin (Salk Institute for Biological Studies) — “for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain”

Rosalyn Yalow — “for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1977

Vicente Aleixandre — “for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1977

Bertil Ohlin (Stockholm School of Economics) and James E. Meade (University of Cambridge ) — “for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976

Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976

William N. Lipscomb (Harvard University) — “for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976

Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek (National Institutes of Health) — “for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976

Saul Bellow — “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1976

Elizabeth Williams and Mairead Corrigan — “for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1976

Milton Friedman (University of Chicago) — “for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975

Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and Leo James Rainwater (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975

John Warcup Cornforth (University of Sussex) — “for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions”

Vladimir Prelog (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich) — “for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975

David Baltimore (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Howard Martin Temin (University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire) and Renato Dulbecco — “for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975

Eugenio Montale — “for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1975

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov — “for his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1975

Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich and Tjalling C. Koopmans (Yale University) — “for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974

Antony Hewish (University of Cambridge ) and Sir Martin Ryle (University of Cambridge ) — “for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974

Paul J. Flory (Stanford University) — “for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974

Albert Claude (Université Catholique de Louvain), Christian de Duve (The Rockefeller University) and George E. Palade — “for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1974

Eyvind Johnson — “for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom”

Harry Martinson — “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1974

Eisaku Satō — “for his contribution to stabilize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty”

Seán MacBride — “for his efforts to secure and develop human rights throughout the world”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1974

Friedrich August von Hayek and Gunnar Myrdal — “for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973

Brian David Josephson (University of Cambridge ) — “for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects”

Ivar Giaever and Leo Esaki — “for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973

Ernst Otto Fischer (Technical University of Varna) and Geoffrey Wilkinson (Imperial College London) — “for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973

Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen (The Queen’s College - University of Oxford) — “for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973

Patrick White — “for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1973

Henry Alfred Kissinger and Le Duc Tho — “for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1973

Wassily Wassilyevich Leontief (Harvard University) — “for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972

Leon Neil Cooper (Brown University) and John Robert Schrieffer (University of Pennsylvania) — “for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972

Christian B. Anfinsen (National Institutes of Health) — “for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation”

Stanford Moore (The Rockefeller University) and William H. Stein (The Rockefeller University) — “for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972

Gerald M. Edelman (The Rockefeller University) and Rodney R. Porter (The Queen’s College - University of Oxford) — “for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1972

Heinrich Böll — “for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1972

John R. Hicks (All Souls College) and Kenneth J. Arrow (Harvard University) — “for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971

Dennis Gabor (Imperial College London) — “for his invention and development of the holographic method”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971

Gerhard Herzberg (The National Research Council of Canada) — “for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971

Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (Vanderbilt University) — “for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971

Pablo Neruda — “for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1971

Willy Brandt — “for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1971

Simon Kuznets (Harvard University) — “for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970

Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) — “for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics”

Louis Eugène Félix Néel (Université Grenoble Alpes) — “for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970

Luis F. Leloir — “for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970

Julius Axelrod (National Institutes of Health), Sir Bernard Katz (University College London) and Ulf von Euler (Karolinska Institute) — “for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1970

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn — “for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1970

Norman Ernest Borlaug — “for having given a well-founded hope - the green revolution”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1970

Paul A. Samuelson (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969

Murray Gell-Mann (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969

Derek H. R. Barton (Imperial College London) and Odd Hassel (University of Oslo) — “for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969

Alfred D. Hershey, Max Delbrück (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) and Salvador E. Luria (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) — “for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1969

Samuel Beckett — “for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation”

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1969

Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch (University of Oslo) — “for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968

Luis Walter Alvarez (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968

Lars Onsager (Yale University) — “for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968

Har Gobind Khorana (University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire), Marshall W. Nirenberg (National Institutes of Health) and Robert W. Holley (Cornell University) — “for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1968

Yasunari Kawabata — “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1968

René Cassin — “for his struggle to ensure the rights of man as stipulated in the UN Declaration”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967

Hans Albrecht Bethe (Cornell University) — “for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967

George Porter, Manfred Eigen and Ronald George Wreyford Norrish — “for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967

George Wald (Harvard University), Haldan Keffer Hartline (The Rockefeller University) and Ragnar Granit (Karolinska Institute) — “for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1967

Miguel Angel Asturias — “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966

Alfred Kastler (Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris) — “for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966

Robert S. Mulliken (University of Chicago) — “for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966

Charles Brenton Huggins — “for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer”

Peyton Rous (The Rockefeller University) — “for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966

Nelly Sachs — “for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength”

Shmuel Yosef Agnon — “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965

Julian Schwinger (Harvard University), Richard P. Feynman (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga — “for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965

Robert Burns Woodward (Harvard University) — “for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965

André Lwoff (Institut Pasteur), François Jacob (Institut Pasteur) and Jacques Monod (Institut Pasteur) — “for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1965

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov — “for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Charles Hard Townes (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov — “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (University of Oxford ) — “for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964

Feodor Lynen and Konrad Bloch (Harvard University) — “for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1964

Jean-Paul Sartre — “for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1964

Martin Luther King Jr. — “for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963

Eugene Paul Wigner (Princeton University) — “for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles”

J. Hans D. Jensen and Maria Goeppert Mayer (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963

Giulio Natta (Oklahoma State University - Institute of Technology) and Karl Ziegler — “for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963

Andrew Fielding Huxley (University College London), Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (University of Cambridge ) and Sir John Carew Eccles (Australian National University) — “for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1963

Giorgos Seferis — “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962

Lev Davidovich Landau — “for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962

John Cowdery Kendrew (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology) and Max Ferdinand Perutz (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology) — “for their studies of the structures of globular proteins”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962

Francis Harry Compton Crick (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology), James Dewey Watson (Harvard University) and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins — “for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962

John Steinbeck — “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961

Robert Hofstadter (Stanford University) — “for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons”

Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (Technical University of Varna) — “for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961

Melvin Calvin (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961

Georg von Békésy (Harvard University) — “for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1961

Ivo Andrić — “for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1961

Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld — “for developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960

Donald Arthur Glaser (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for the invention of the bubble chamber”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960

Willard Frank Libby (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960

Peter Brian Medawar (University College London) and Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet — “for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1960

Saint-John Perse — “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1960

Albert John Lutuli — “for his non-violent struggle against apartheid”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959

Emilio Gino Segrè (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and Owen Chamberlain (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for their discovery of the antiproton”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959

Jaroslav Heyrovsky — “for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959

Arthur Kornberg (Stanford University) and Severo Ochoa — “for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959

Salvatore Quasimodo — “for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1959

Philip J. Noel-Baker — “for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (Moscow State University), Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank (Moscow State University) and Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov — “for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958

Frederick Sanger (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology) — “for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin; for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958

Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events”

Joshua Lederberg (University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire) — “for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1958

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak — “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1958

Georges Pire — “for his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957

Chen Ning Yang ( Institute for Advanced Study) and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957

Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (University of Cambridge ) — “for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957

Daniel Bovet (Italian National Institute of Health) — “for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1957

Albert Camus — “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1957

Lester Bowles Pearson — “for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956

John Bardeen — “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect; for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”

William Bradford Shockley and Walter Houser Brattain — “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956

Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov and Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (The Queen’s College - University of Oxford) — “for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956

André Frédéric Cournand, Dickinson W. Richards (Barnard College - Columbia University) and Werner Forssmann — “for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1956

Juan Ramón Jiménez — “for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955

Polykarp Kusch (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron”

Willis Eugene Lamb (Stanford University) — “for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955

Vincent du Vigneaud (Cornell University) — “for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955

Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (Karolinska Institute) — “for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1955

Halldór Kiljan Laxness — “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry; Peace 1954

Linus Carl Pauling (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances; for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954

Max Born (Edinburgh University) — “for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction”

Walther Bothe — “for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954

Frederick Chapman Robbins, John Franklin Enders (Harvard Medical School) and Thomas Huckle Weller — “for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954

Ernest Miller Hemingway — “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in <I>The Old Man and the Sea,</I> and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953

Frits Zernike — “for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953

Hermann Staudinger (Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg) — “for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953

Fritz Albert Lipmann (Harvard Medical School) — “for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism”

Hans Adolf Krebs — “for his discovery of the citric acid cycle”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill — “for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1953

George Catlett Marshall — “for proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952

Edward Mills Purcell (Harvard University) and Felix Bloch (Stanford University) — “for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952

Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge — “for their invention of partition chromatography”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952

Selman Abraham Waksman (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey) — “for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1952

François Mauriac — “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1952

Albert Schweitzer — “for his altruism, reverence for life, and tireless humanitarian work which has helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951

Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (Trinity College) and Sir John Douglas Cockcroft — “for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951

Edwin Mattison McMillan (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) and Glenn Theodore Seaborg (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951

Max Theiler — “for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1951

Pär Fabian Lagerkvist — “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1951

Léon Jouhaux — “for having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950

Cecil Frank Powell — “for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950

Kurt Alder and Otto Paul Hermann Diels — “for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950

Edward Calvin Kendall (Mayo Clinic), Philip Showalter Hench (Mayo Clinic) and Tadeus Reichstein (University of Basel) — “for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950

Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell — “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1950

Ralph Bunche (Harvard University) — “for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949

Hideki Yukawa (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949

William Francis Giauque (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949

António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (Universidade de Lisboa) — “for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses”

Walter Rudolf Hess (University of Zurich) — “for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949

William Faulkner — “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1949

John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearn — “for his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948

Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (Victoria University) — “for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948

Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (Uppsala University) — “for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948

Paul Hermann Müller — “for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948

Thomas Stearns Eliot — “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947

Sir Edward Victor Appleton — “for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947

Sir Robert Robinson (The Queen’s College - University of Oxford) — “for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz — “for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen”

Bernardo Alberto Houssay — “for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947

André Paul Guillaume Gide — “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946

Percy Williams Bridgman (Harvard University) — “for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946

James Batcheller Sumner (Cornell University) — “for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized”

John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley — “for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946

Hermann Joseph Muller (Indiana University - East) — “for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946

Hermann Hesse — “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1946

Emily Greene Balch — “for her lifelong work for the cause of peace”

John Raleigh Mott — “for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945

Wolfgang Pauli (Princeton University) — “for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945

Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (University of Helsinki) — “for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945

Ernst Boris Chain (The Queen’s College - University of Oxford), Sir Alexander Fleming and Sir Howard Walter Florey (The Queen’s College - University of Oxford) — “for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945

Gabriela Mistral — “for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1945

Cordell Hull — “for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944

Isidor Isaac Rabi (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944

Otto Hahn — “for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944

Herbert Spencer Gasser and Joseph Erlanger — “for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1944

Johannes Vilhelm Jensen — “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943

Otto Stern — “for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943

George de Hevesy (Stockholm University) — “for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943

Edward Adelbert Doisy (Saint Louis University) — “for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K”

Henrik Carl Peter Dam (Technical University of Denmark) — “for his discovery of vitamin K”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939

Ernest Orlando Lawrence (University of California - Los Angeles Theater) — “for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939

Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry (MPIB)) — “for his work on sex hormones”

Leopold Ruzicka (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich) — “for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939

Gerhard Domagk — “for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1939

Frans Eemil Sillanpää — “for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938

Enrico Fermi — “for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938

Richard Kuhn ( Max Planck Institute for Medical Research) — “for his work on carotenoids and vitamins”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938

Corneille Jean François Heymans (Ghent University) — “for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938

Pearl Buck — “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937

Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson — “for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937

Walter Norman Haworth (University of Birmingham) — “for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C”

Paul Karrer (University of Zurich) — “for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937

Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt (University of Szeged) — “for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1937

Roger Martin du Gard — “for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle <I>Les Thibault</I>”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1937

Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood — “for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936

Carl David Anderson (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for his discovery of the positron”

Victor Franz Hess — “for his discovery of cosmic radiation”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936

Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye — “for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936

Otto Loewi and Sir Henry Hallett Dale — “for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1936

Eugene Gladstone O'Neill — “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1936

Carlos Saavedra Lamas — “for his role as father of the Argentine Antiwar Pact of 1933, which he also used as a means to mediate peace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935

James Chadwick — “for the discovery of the neutron”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935

Frédéric Joliot (Institut Curie) and Irène Joliot-Curie (Institut Curie) — “in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935

Hans Spemann — “for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1935

Carl von Ossietzky — “for his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934

Harold Clayton Urey (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for his discovery of heavy hydrogen”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934

George Hoyt Whipple (University of Rochester), George Richards Minot (Harvard University) and William Parry Murphy (Harvard University) — “for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934

Luigi Pirandello — “for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1934

Arthur Henderson — “for his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933

Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (University of Cambridge ) — “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933

Thomas Hunt Morgan (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1933

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin — “for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1933

Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane) — “for having exposed by his pen the illusion of war and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932

Werner Karl Heisenberg — “for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932

Irving Langmuir — “for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932

Edgar Douglas Adrian (University of Cambridge ) and Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (The Queen’s College - University of Oxford) — “for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1932

John Galsworthy — “for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in <I>The Forsyte Saga</I>”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931

Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius — “in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931

Otto Heinrich Warburg — “for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1931

Erik Axel Karlfeldt — “The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1931

Jane Addams and Nicholas Murray Butler (Barnard College - Columbia University) — “for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman — “for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930

Hans Fischer — “for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930

Karl Landsteiner — “for his discovery of human blood groups”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930

Sinclair Lewis — “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1930

Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom — “for promoting Christian unity and helping create 'that new attitude of mind which is necessary if peace between nations is to become reality'”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929

Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie (Sorbonne University) — “for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929

Arthur Harden and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (Stockholm University) — “for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929

Christiaan Eijkman (Utrecht University) — “for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin”

Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (University of Cambridge ) — “for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929

Thomas Mann — “principally for his great novel, <I>Buddenbrooks</I>, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1929

Frank Billings Kellogg — “for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928

Owen Willans Richardson — “for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928

Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus — “for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928

Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (Institut Pasteur) — “for his work on typhus”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1928

Sigrid Undset — “principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927

Arthur Holly Compton (University of Chicago) — “for his discovery of the effect named after him”

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (University of Cambridge ) — “for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927

Heinrich Otto Wieland — “for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927

Julius Wagner-Jauregg — “for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1927

Henri Bergson — “in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1927

Ferdinand Buisson and Ludwig Quidde — “for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926

Jean Baptiste Perrin (Sorbonne University) — “for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926

The (Theodor) Svedberg (Uppsala University) — “for his work on disperse systems”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926

Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger (Copenhagen University) — “for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926

Grazia Deledda — “for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1926

Aristide Briand and Gustav Stresemann — “for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925

Gustav Ludwig Hertz and James Franck — “for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy — “for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925

George Bernard Shaw — “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1925

Charles Gates Dawes — “for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan”

Sir Austen Chamberlain — “for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924

Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn (Uppsala University) — “for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924

Willem Einthoven (Leiden University) — “for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1924

Władysław Stanisław Reymont — “for his great national epic, <I>The Peasants</I>”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

Robert Andrews Millikan (CalTech - California Institute of Technology) — “for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923

Fritz Pregl — “for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923

Frederick Grant Banting (University of Toronto) and John James Rickard Macleod (University of Toronto) — “for the discovery of insulin”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923

William Butler Yeats — “for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922

Niels Henrik David Bohr (Copenhagen University) — “for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922

Francis William Aston (University of Cambridge ) — “for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922

Archibald Vivian Hill — “for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle”

Otto Fritz Meyerhof — “for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1922

Jacinto Benavente — “for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1922

Fridtjof Nansen — “for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations' High Commissioner for refugees”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921

Albert Einstein — “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921

Frederick Soddy (The Queen’s College - University of Oxford) — “for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1921

Anatole France — “in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1921

Christian Lous Lange and Karl Hjalmar Branting — “for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920

Charles Edouard Guillaume — “in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920

Walther Hermann Nernst — “in recognition of his work in thermochemistry”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920

Schack August Steenberg Krogh (Copenhagen University) — “for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1920

Knut Pedersen Hamsun — “for his monumental work, <I>Growth of the Soil</I>”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1920

Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois — “for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919

Johannes Stark — “for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919

Jules Bordet — “for his discoveries relating to immunity”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1919

Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler — “in special appreciation of his epic, <I>Olympian Spring</I>”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1919

Thomas Woodrow Wilson — “for his role as founder of the League of Nations”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck — “in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918

Fritz Haber — “for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917

Charles Glover Barkla (Edinburgh University) — “for his discovery of the characteristic R&ouml;ntgen radiation of the elements”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1917

Henrik Pontoppidan — “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark”

Karl Adolph Gjellerup — “for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1916

Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam — “in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915

William Lawrence Bragg (Victoria University) and Sir William Henry Bragg (University College London) — “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915

Richard Martin Willstätter — “for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1915

Romain Rolland — “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914

Max von Laue — “for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914

Theodore William Richards (Harvard University) — “in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914

Robert Bárány — “for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Leiden University) — “for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913

Alfred Werner (University of Zurich) — “in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913

Charles Robert Richet (Sorbonne University) — “in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913

Rabindranath Tagore — “because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1913

Henri La Fontaine — “for his unparalleled contribution to the organization of peaceful internationalism”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912

Nils Gustaf Dalén — “for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912

Paul Sabatier — “for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years”

Victor Grignard — “for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912

Alexis Carrel — “in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1912

Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann — “primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1912

Elihu Root — “for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911

Wilhelm Wien — “for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911

Allvar Gullstrand (Uppsala University) — “for his work on the dioptrics of the eye”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1911

Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck — “in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1911

Alfred Hermann Fried — “for his effort to expose and fight what he considers to be the main cause of war, namely, the anarchy in international relations”

Tobias Michael Carel Asser — “for his role as co-founder of the Institut de droit international, initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law (Conférences de Droit international privé) at the Hague, and pioneer in the field of international legal relations”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910

Johannes Diderik van der Waals — “for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910

Otto Wallach — “in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910

Albrecht Kossel — “in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1910

Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse — “as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909

Karl Ferdinand Braun and Guglielmo Marconi — “in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909

Wilhelm Ostwald — “in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909

Emil Theodor Kocher (University of Berne) — “for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909

Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf — “in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1909

Auguste Marie François Beernaert and Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque — “for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908

Gabriel Lippmann (Sorbonne University) — “for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908

Ernest Rutherford (Victoria University) — “for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Institut Pasteur) and Paul Ehrlich — “in recognition of their work on immunity”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1908

Rudolf Christoph Eucken — “in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1908

Fredrik Bajer and Klas Pontus Arnoldson — “for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907

Albert Abraham Michelson (University of Chicago) — “for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907

Eduard Buchner — “for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (Institut Pasteur) — “in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1907

Rudyard Kipling — “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1907

Ernesto Teodoro Moneta — “for his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy”

Louis Renault (Sorbonne University) — “for his decisive influence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906

Joseph John Thomson (University of Cambridge ) — “in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906

Henri Moissan (Sorbonne University) — “in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906

Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal — “in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906

Giosuè Carducci — “not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1906

Theodore Roosevelt Jr. — “for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905

Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard — “for his work on cathode rays”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer — “in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905

Robert Koch — “for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905

Henryk Sienkiewicz — “because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1905

Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau — “for her audacity to oppose the horrors of war”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904

Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) — “for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904

Sir William Ramsay (University College London) — “in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov — “in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1904

Frédéric Mistral — “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Proven&ccedil;al philologist”

José Echegaray y Eizaguirre — “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama”

The Nobel Prize in Physics; Chemistry 1903

Marie Curie, née Skłodowska (Sorbonne University) — “in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel; in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903

Antoine Henri Becquerel (Ecole Polytechnique) — “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity”

Pierre Curie (Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles) — “in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903

Svante August Arrhenius (Stockholm University) — “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903

Niels Ryberg Finsen — “in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1903

Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson — “as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1903

William Randal Cremer — “for his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of peace and arbitration”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Leiden University) and Pieter Zeeman — “in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902

Hermann Emil Fischer — “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902

Ronald Ross (University College London) — “for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1902

Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen — “the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, <I>A history of Rome</I>”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1902

Charles Albert Gobat — “for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union”

Élie Ducommun — “for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen — “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff — “in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901

Emil Adolf von Behring — “for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1901

Sully Prudhomme — “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect”

The Nobel Prize in Peace 1901

Frédéric Passy — “for his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration”

Jean Henry Dunant — “for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding”